观念与神话：觉醒·第一个男人。神为什么不同时创造女人？因为男人和女人是被不同的神创造的

在人类的神话时代，人类正处于农、牧文明时期。因此，神话中的男性神和男性英雄占据了主流。在造人的神中，除了中国汉传神话，几乎都是男性占据主导地位。

第一个男人

在希腊神话中，创造人的神是普罗米修斯。普罗米修斯（Prometheus；古希腊语：Προμηθεύς）名字的意思是“先见之明”。 人如其名，他应该已经预见到他将为造人付出的苦难了。明知艰辛而为之，必有目的。

Heaven and earth had been created. The sea ebbed and flowed between its shores, and fish frolicked in the waters; in the air sang winged birds, and the earth swarmed with animals. But as yet there was no creature in whose body the spirit could house and from there govern the world around it. Then down to earth came Prometheus, “Forethought,” a descendant of the ancient race of gods which Zeus had dethroned, a son of Iapetus, whom Gaia had borne unto Uranus. Now Prometheus was crafty and nimble-witted. He knew that the seed of heaven lay sleeping in the earth, so he scooped up some clay, moistened it with water from a river, kneaded it this way and that, and shaped it to the image of gods, the lords of the world. To give life to his earth-formed figure he took both good and evil from the core of many animals and locked them in man’s breast. He had a friend among the immortals, Athene, the goddess of wisdom, who marveled at what this son of the Titans had created, and she breathed the spirit, the divine breath, into his creature which, as yet, was only half alive.

天地诞生了。大海在海岸之间起伏，鱼儿在水中嬉戏；空中鸟儿展翅翱翔，地上动物成群。但是，至今还没有一种生物，可以让灵魂寄居，并从那里管理周围的世界。这时，普罗米修斯降临人间，他是 “先见之明”，是被宙斯废黜的古神种族的后裔，是盖亚为乌拉诺斯所生的伊阿佩托斯之子。普罗米修斯狡猾而机敏。他清楚地知道，上天的种子就蛰伏在泥土里，于是他舀起一些粘土，用河水浸润，然后按照世界的主宰天神的形象揉捏成一个人体。为了赋予泥塑的人体以生命，他从许多动物的心里提取了善与恶，再把这善与恶封闭在人的胸中。在天神之中他有一个朋友，这就是智慧女神雅典娜。雅典娜很欣赏这个泰坦之子的创造，便把灵魂即神灵的呼吸吹进这仅有半个生命的泥人心里。

— — 古斯塔夫·施瓦布（Gustav Schwab ，古斯塔夫·斯威布，1792年6月19日-1850年11月4日）, 古代最美的传说（Die schönsten Sagen des klassischen Altertums）

厄庇墨透斯（Epimetheus，希腊语：Επιμηθέας，即“后见之明”）是普罗米修斯（“先见之明”）的兄弟，他们都是第一代提坦神伊阿珀托斯的儿子。

在普罗米修斯造人时，动物也被创造出来，而且普罗米修斯先创造了动物。厄庇墨透斯负责把各样的才能赋予普罗米修斯创造出来的各种生物。他把勇敢赐给狮子，把快跑的能力给了兔子，把敏锐的眼力给了老鹰，这样一个一个把他所有好的才能都给了动物。后见之明的厄庇墨透斯既然“后见”，当然没有任何“先见”的计划，最后到了人的时候，他什么也没剩下来。所以人既不是最勇敢的，又不是跑得最快的，更不是最强悍的。看到人是如此平庸，普罗米修斯只好传授给人聪明和智慧。

在基督教（ Christian）的《圣经》（希伯来语：ביבליה‎；希腊语：τὰ βιβλία，本义为“书”）中，上帝也是先创造了一个男人亚当。亚当（希伯来语：אָדָם‬, 现代 ʼAdam 提比里亚 ʾĀḏām，阿拉伯语：آدَم‎，罗马化：ʾĀdam，希腊语：Ἀδάμ，罗马化：Adám，拉丁语：Adam，前4026年 -前3096年），在伊斯兰教（也称回教或天方教，阿拉伯语：الإسلام, al-’islām‎）的《古兰经》（阿拉伯语：اَلْقُرآن‎，al-qurʾān，字面上解作“诵读”）中翻译为阿丹，是世人的意思。

And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

神说：“我们要照着我们的形像、按着我们的样式造人，使他们管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜，和全地，并地上所爬的一切昆虫。”

So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

神就照着自己的形像造人，乃是照着他的形像造男造女。

And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.

神就赐福给他们，又对他们说：“要生养众多，遍满地面，治理这地，也要管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟，和地上各样行动的活物。”

— — 创世记·2

和希腊神话类似，上帝也是用泥土造的第一个男人——亚当

then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature.

耶和华神用地上的尘土造人，将生气吹在他鼻孔里，他就成了有灵的活人，名叫亚当。

And the LORD God planted a garden in Eden, in the east, and there he put the man whom he had formed.

耶和华神在东方的伊甸立了一个园子，把所造的人安置在那里……

And out of the ground the LORD God made to spring up every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food. The tree of life was in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

耶和华神使各样的树从地里长出来、可以悦人的眼目、其上的果子好作食物．园子当中又有生命树、和分别善恶的树。

— — 创世记·2

第一个女人

夏娃

神如果创造所有人，那么实在太辛苦，毕竟，从人到人类的繁衍，最好的方式就是让男人和女人交合，自我繁衍。

在圣经中，女人是晚于男人被创造出来的。

So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh.

耶和华神使那人沉睡。他熟睡的时候，耶和华神取了他的一根肋骨，又使肉在原处复合。

And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man.

然后，耶和华神用从那人身上所取的肋骨，造了一个女人，带她到那人面前。

Then the man said, “This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.”

那人说：“这是我骨中的骨，肉中的肉；她当称为女人，因她是从男人身上取出来的。”

Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.

因此人要离开父母，和妻子连合，二人成为一体。

And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed.

那时，夫妻二人赤身露体，彼此都不觉得羞耻。

—— 创世记·2

创造女人，显然是上帝为了男人有个伴侣和帮手，不是为了繁衍后代——我们后面会详细说。

希腊神话中，人与神的交易

在希腊神话中，女人可不是普罗米修斯创造的。

在男人被创造出来后，众神们在墨科涅（mekone）的聚会上要确定被造出来的男人的权利和义务，普罗米修斯作为男人的权利维护者出席了会议。在会上，宙斯提出，被造出来的人必须敬畏神明，向神献祭，从而换取神的庇佑。

普罗米修斯宰了一头大公牛，请神祇[qí]选择他们喜欢的那部分。他把献祭的公牛切成碎块，分为两堆。一堆放上肉、内脏和脂肪，用牛皮遮盖起来，上面放着牛肚子；另一堆放的全是牛骨头，用牛的板油包裹起来，而且这一堆更大。

宙斯被普罗米修斯的把戏所欺骗，选择了牛骨头那一堆。这样，被造出来的男人与神的协议达成，人今后可以保留自己打猎得到的肉，只要把剩下的骨头用脂肪包裹献给神明即可。

Now the gods in Heaven, and among them Zeus, who had but lately deposed his father Cronus and established his own supremacy, began to notice this new creation, man. They were willing enough to protect him, but — in return — demanded that he pay them homage. In Mecone, in Greece, mortals and immortals met on a set day, to determine the rights and duties of man. At this assembly Prometheus appeared as man’s counsel, to see to it that the gods — in their capacity of protectors — did not impose too burdensome levies upon men.

现在，天上的诸神，其中包括不久前刚刚废黜了父亲克洛诺斯并确立了自己至高无上地位的宙斯，开始注意到这个新的创造物——男人。他们愿意保护他，但同时要求男人向他们致敬。在希腊的梅科涅（Mecone），凡人和众神在一个固定的日子里聚会，决定男人的权利和义务。在这个会议上，普罗米修斯作为男人的顾问出现，以确保众神 — 他们的保护者 — 不会向人征收过于沉重的税赋。

On this occasion his cunning prompted him to trick the gods. In behalf of his creatures, he slaughtered a mighty bull and bade the immortals take whatever parts of it they pleased. Now when he had cut up the animal, he made two heaps of the pieces. On one side he put the flesh, the entrails, and the far, covered these over with the hide, and placed the paunch on top; on the other, he put the bare bones cleverly concealed in the suet of the victim. And this heap was bigger! All-knowing Zeus saw through his trickery and said: “Son of Iapetus, illustrious king, my very good friend, how unequally you have divided the portions!” At this Prometheus was sure that he had deceived him, smiled to himself, and answered: “Illustrious Zeus, you, who are supreme among the immortal gods, take what your heart bids you chose.” And Zeus was vexed and felt his anger swell within him, but he deliberately took the white suet in both his hands. When he had pried it apart and saw the picked bones, he pretended only then to have discovered the trick and said dourly: “I know very well, my friend, O son of Iapetus, that you have not yet forgotten the art of deception!”

这一次，他的狡猾促使他欺骗了众神。为了他的子民，他宰杀了一头强壮的公牛，并吩咐神们随意取走牛身上的任何部分。他把牛分尸后，把尸块堆成两堆。他把肉块、内脏和肚脐放在一边，用牛皮盖住，把肚脐放在上面；在另一边，他把裸露的骨头巧妙地藏在牺牲品的油脂里。这一堆更大！全知全能的宙斯识破了他的诡计，说： “伊阿珀托斯之子，杰出的国王，我的好朋友，你分得太不公平了！” 普罗米修斯确信自己骗过了宙斯 自嘲地笑了笑，回答道： “尊敬的宙斯，你是不朽诸神中至高无上的神灵，请按自己的意愿选择吧” 宙斯恼羞成怒，怒火中烧，但他还是故意用双手捧起白油脂。当他把它撬开，看到剔透的骨头时，他才假装发现了其中的诡计，沉闷地说：”我很清楚，我的朋友，伊阿珀托斯之子啊 你还没有忘记欺骗的艺术！”

— — Gustav Schwab, Gods and Heroes of Ancient Greece

希腊的神话中，神不可以违背自己的誓言，神也不可以打破其他神的诅咒。受骗的宙斯非常生气，作为报复，他拒绝给予人类为了完成他们文明的最后所需 — — 火。

当太阳神赫利俄斯（Helios，希腊语：Ήλιος。太阳神，对应于古罗马神话中的索尔；拉丁语：Sol）驾车从天上驰过时，普罗米修斯摘取木本茴香（Ferulacommunis）的一枝，伸到太阳车的火焰里，他把点燃的树枝带给了人。当第一堆丛林的火柱升到了天上，宙斯大怒，他吩咐火神给普罗米修斯最严厉的惩罚。

To punish Prometheus for his knavery, Zeus denied mortals the last thing they needed to perfect their civilization: fire. But the shrewd son of Iapetus improvised a way to provide even this lack. He broke a stalk of pithy fennel, approached the chariot of the son as it spun through the heavens, and held the stalk to its blaze until it smouldered. With this tinder he descended to earth, and soon the first pile of brushwood was flaming to the sky. Pain pierced the soul of Zeus the Thunderer when he saw fire rising among men and casting its radiance far and wide.

为了惩罚普罗米修斯的恶行，宙斯剥夺了凡人完善文明所需的最后一样东西：火。但是，精明的伊阿佩托斯之子想出了一个办法来解决这个问题。他折断了一根茎干粗壮的茴香，当宙斯之子的战车在天空中旋转时，他走近战车，用茎干抵住战车的火焰，直到它燃烧起来。他带着这个火种降落到地面上，很快，第一堆灌木就燃烧到了天空。当雷神宙斯看到火在人类中升起，并将光芒洒向远方时，他的灵魂被刺痛了。

— — Gustav Schwab, Gods and Heroes of Ancient Greece

但是那位爱过雅典娜的火神赫淮斯托斯（希腊语：Ἡφαιστος、拉丁语：Hephaestus，火神和匠神，对应罗马神话的武尔坎努斯；拉丁语：Vulcānus）很敬佩普罗米修斯，悄悄地对他说：“只要你向宙斯承认错误，归还火种，我一定请求宙斯饶恕你。”。但是普罗米修斯坚定地说：“为人造福，有什么错！我可以忍受各种痛苦，但决不会承认错误，更不会归还火种！”

于是火神与两个仆人把普罗米修斯带到高加索（Caucasus, 格鲁吉亚语：კავკასია；车臣语、俄语：Кавказ），用一条铁链把普罗米修斯缚在陡峭的悬崖上。

在古希腊，肝脏被认为是人类情感的所在。宙斯白天派一只鹰去吃他的肝，又让他的肝在夜晚重生，使他日日承受被恶鹰啄食肝脏的痛苦。普罗米修斯疲惫的双膝也不能弯曲，在他起伏的胸脯上还钉着一颗金刚石的钉子。

旭，2023年9月11日，11月1日修改

《观念与神话》觉醒

觉醒·人是从哪里来的

觉醒·第一个男人

觉醒·第一个女人

觉醒·第一次性爱·性与耻感

觉醒·第一次性爱·性与自由

觉醒·造人的伦理

《观念与神话》人类的目的

《观念与神话》命运之轮·命

《观念与神话》命运之轮·运

《观念与神话》命运之轮·咒

《观念与神话》解放