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Abstract

0/1*jFax3XhfV9mam-k4kI_NSQ.png"><figcaption>A paragraph is summarized into one sentence</figcaption></figure><p id="2e04">Another use of text summarization is to present a user with a auto summarized dialog, with a <i>read more </i>option, which can then expand into the longer un-summarized version.</p><figure id="82f1"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="58c0">Keywords</h2><p id="4f31">Keywords can be extracted from a block of text. You can configure the environment to be conservative and select only keywords from the text. Or a higher <i>temperature </i>can be set to where related words or keywords are generated.</p><figure id="286e"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*FGE3OBMcMyDDcpgKRQb9AQ.png"><figcaption>Key words generated from a Wikipedia paragraph.</figcaption></figure><p id="3a5c">This is very helpful to categorize text and create a search index. In the image above a extract on soccer was taken from Wikipedia. GPT-3 converted this quite large paragraph into six key words or themes.</p><figure id="93e7"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="e562">Parse Unstructured Data</h2><p id="3191">Create tables from long form text by specifying a structure and supplying some examples.</p><figure id="6942"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*X9YWrg_wlpg3hbKCmoq62A.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p id="6984">Here you can see the first entry is directly related to the sentence. The subsequent entries are somehow related and still relevant and applicable.</p><figure id="90e7"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="7585">Classification</h2><p id="72fe">Classify items into categories via example inputs. Companies are named with categories defined. A new company can be mentioned and auto classified.</p><figure id="2265"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*IOkqXlAV2ZCxFpMNaeL2XA.png"><figcaption>With limited training data a new company can be mentioned and auto classified.</figcaption></figure><figure id="9feb"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="281c">Extract Contact Information</h2><p id="0f31">Extract contact information from a block of text. In this case, an address.</p><figure id="8a87"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*5imfXfm2gvrGbA1uRTOkiQ.png"><figcaption>A complete address from the free text message.</figcaption></figure><figure id="ea15"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="95b2">Summarize For A Second Grader</h2><p id="9a5d">This functionality takes a complex and relatively long piece, summarize and simplifies it into a sentence or two.</p><figure id="0da8"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*ReUEmdf0XZ3r54rcYqibfA.png"><figcaption>A large and complex piece of text is summarized and simplified.</figcaption></figure><figure id="d85e"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h1 id="e7ec">Conclusion</h1><p id="3c79">There are definitely good implementation opportunities for the Conversational AI aspect of GPT-3.</p><figure id="6f46"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*5m48Qw7hRcbi7gsL5ZoRAQ.png"><figcaption>Restaurant review is created from a few key words and the restaurant name.</figcaption></figure><p id="2f01">As a support API where text can be processed to assist existing NLU functionality, there is a very real use case.</p><p id="25d7">As mentioned, GPT-3 can be a great help in pre-processing user input as a help for the NLU engine. The challenge is that GPT-3 seems very well positioned to write reviews, compile questions and have a general conversation. This could lead to a proliferation of bots writing reviews, online adds and general copywriting tasks.</p><figure id="b3c1"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*26A6H7nHUvLW10CkKSlaCQ.png"><figcaption>An apple pie review based on four generic words.</figcaption></figure><p id="4fae">This automation does not need to be malicious in principle. Open AI is seemingly making every effort to ensure the responsible use of the API’s.</p><p id="99a2">The fact the extensive

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training is not required, and a few key words or phrases can <i>point </i>the API in the right direction, is astounding.</p><p id="a28c">There are however opensource alternatives for most of the functionality available.</p><figure id="04a8"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="3cbc">Positives</h2><ul><li>GPT-3 has quite a bit of functionality which can serve to augment a current chatbot.</li><li>Dialog can be diversified with the NLG capability.</li><li>General chit-chat can easily be created.</li><li>Copywriting is made easy for slogans, headlines, reviews etc.</li><li>Text transformation</li><li>Text generation</li><li>Creating a general purpose bot to chat to.</li><li>With their underlying processing power and data, creating flexible Machine Learning stories should be a good fit.</li></ul><figure id="a4fc"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="b03c">Not-so Positives</h2><ul><li>The API is cloud hosted</li><li>Cost</li><li>Social media bot content generation</li><li>Not a framework for sustainable chatbot scaling; <i>yet</i>.</li><li>Possible over and under steering with training data.</li></ul><figure id="bfc0"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div id="9145" class="link-block"> <a href="https://cobusgreyling.me/thank-you-for-subscribing/"> <div> <div> <h2>Subscribe to my newsletter.</h2> <div><h3>NLP/NLU, Chatbots, Voice, Conversational UI/UX, CX Designer, Developer, Ubiquitous User Interfaces, Ambient…</h3></div> <div><p>cobusgreyling.me</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/0*sxVx6IgC_6AZXIX-)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="1141" class="link-block"> <a href="https://cobusgreyling.medium.com"> <div> <div> <h2>Cobus Greyling - Medium</h2> <div><h3>Read writing from Cobus Greyling on Medium. NLP/NLU, Chatbots, Voice, Conversational UI/UX, CX Designer, Developer…</h3></div> <div><p>cobusgreyling.medium.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/0*e6KH9V073Egac4ua)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="2e0e" class="link-block"> <a href="https://cobusgreyling.medium.com/gpt-3-conversational-ai-chatbots-3fb1cfb99942"> <div> <div> <h2>GPT-3: Conversational AI & Chatbots</h2> <div><h3>What Will The Impact Be On Chatbot Design & Development</h3></div> <div><p>cobusgreyling.medium.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/1*VKDfysUcdNJtCEQwmxSE-w.jpeg)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="59bc" class="link-block"> <a href="https://openai.com/"> <div> <div> <h2>OpenAI</h2> <div><h3>OpenAI is an AI research and deployment company. Our mission is to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits…</h3></div> <div><p>openai.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/0*SzqTQqBlnX8UOa8A)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="47a1" class="link-block"> <a href="https://openai.com/blog/openai-api/"> <div> <div> <h2>OpenAI API</h2> <div><h3>We're releasing an API for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI. Unlike most AI systems which are designed for…</h3></div> <div><p>openai.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/0*iD7cRdNC9EDQkZQ2)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><figure id="f7c7"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*mlG74R9ZBY7NQcvQ2C8dMw.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure></article></body>

Re-encrypting an EC2 Instance With Your Own CMK

ACM.215 changing default encryption to CMK encryption on EBS Volumes

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In the last post we did some troubleshooting trying to launch a shared AMI.

As I showed you in a prior post, when sharing an encrypted AMI it was encrypted with an AWS managed key when I recreated a new image in another account. In this post I need to change the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) I shared from another account to use a new encryption key.

When I shared and migrated my AMI to my account I never selected a KMS key. When I ran the EC2 instance and created my own image, the result was an AMI encrypted with an AWS-managed key.

What that means, as I’ve explained before, is that anyone with full KMS encryption in your account can decrypt that resource. You can’t control the key policy of an AWS managed key, or the rotation schedule. I covered why you want to control the policy in many other posts.

The other problem is that you cannot share the AMI to another account if it is encrypted with an AWS-managed key. I need to share the AMI I use for penetration tests with multiple accounts and I can’t do it if the AMI is encrypted with the AWS key.

The question is, how can I create an AMI and encrypt the disks with my own KMS key?

If we are manually deploying an instance in the AWS console, then there’s one setting I didn’t use when I shared the AMI. Encryption occurs on storage.

When you are creating an AMI, expand the storage options using the down arrow shown below. The click Advanced.

Click the down arrow next to the volume. Then you can select a KMS key.

I have many other posts explaining how to create a KMS key and code in the GitHub repo. Here are a couple.

When you launch an instance with those settings, then you can create an image that will be encrypted with the specified customer managed key in your account. You can verify which key is used as explained in this prior post.

You can get more details on the topic in this AWS documentation post:

Validate that the key ID matches your KMS key. Navigate to the KMS console and look at the key ID. then lick on your new instance, then the storage tab, and compare the value to the KMS key ID. Make sure they match.

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Teri Radichel | © 2nd Sight Lab 2023

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About Teri Radichel:
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Author: Cybersecurity for Executives in the Age of Cloud
Presentations: Presentations by Teri Radichel
Recognition: SANS Difference Makers Award, AWS Security Hero, IANS Faculty
Certifications: SANS
Education: BA Business, Master of Software Engineering, Master of Infosec
Company: Cloud Penetration Tests, Assessments, Training ~ 2nd Sight Lab
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