avatarShin Jie Yong, MSc (Res)

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Abstract

d.</p><p id="0068">And because of their relative homogeneity, ego-Networks can easily become echo-chambers.</p><p id="7e3e">If the hub of an ego-network goes away the network falls apart. In an ego-network, the person is the purpose, and without that person, the connections are gone. My marriage (wonderful as it is), ended a lovely phase of networked connectedness in my life, because the purpose of our interactions (my need for help with child-raising) ended and the network drifted apart.</p><h2 id="1732">Eco-Networks Fit Between Socio-networks and Open Networks</h2><p id="8853">An Eco-Network is a relative newcomer to the network-science labelling game. I don’t even know where I got the term from. It’s not in the book I pulled the others from, which is what I’d expected. I know I’ve come across it in a few places over the course of my network reading but haven’t been able to re-find them — so if anyone reading this can find them, please share with us!</p><p id="77ca">In any case, an eco-network sits somewhere between a socio-network and an open-network. A socio-network (the ‘network in a box’) generally has a centrally defined, narrow purpose (think ‘mission statement’ or ‘avoiding organizational bankruptcy’); a clear and precise definition of inclusion (think ‘everyone on our payroll’ or ‘the roll-call list’); a relatively centralized and hierarchical command system; and officially-sanctioned and controlled information and resource flows (balanced by secret, un-sanctioned information flows). Whereas an open network is unbounded, random, directionless and incoherent (think Twitter, Facebook, Instagram).</p><p id="0b65">So we could think of an eco-network as skirting the boundary between rigid pseudo-control and a free-for-all. In my mind, an eco-network is the social equivalent of that strange attractor within a system that generates ordered patterns out of chaos. To me, an eco-network has the potential to generate a collective path from our current world — a world presently oscillating between destructive authoritarian rigidity and chaotic collapse — to a new world, built on an evolved understanding of order/structure, connection, and thriving.</p><h2 id="9d53">What IS an Eco-Network?</h2><p id="56e0">But what does all that MEAN, practically speaking?</p><p id="a65c">Well, it helps to think about ecosystems. For one thing, both eco-networks and ecosystems only thrive with ample diversity.</p><p id="05c0">For another — in both cases, flows of resources (whether money, information, skills, trust and shared inspiration or nutrients, shared environmental context, water and sunshine) are complexly reciprocal, as opposed to transactional. In a forest ecosystem, no-one barters with the squirrel to get it to poop out worm and fungi food. And in exchange for the squirrel poop, worms and fungi don’t break the elements down fine enough so that plant roots can absorb them because the trees or the pooping animals pay them to — they do it because that’s what they do, it’s part of their organic process. The trees and other plants only grow if there are adequate nutrients and water — and when they do, they create food some of the animals need to survive (and poop out), some of which become food for other animals, and it all requires water, water retention, healthy soil — and so on. There is an organically-driven flow of value, based on adequate diversity, that is not directly transactional.</p><p id="3124">There is no need for direct transactions because each community member’s survival depends on the in-flows (food, etc.) and out-flows (poop, etc.) of all the members. Transactions are too small a dynamic to support the complexity and adaptivity of an ecosystem.</p><p id="c510">The ecosystem forms an interdependent network of a huge variety of life forms, moving a broad range of nutrients freely through a complex system of flows that sustains the whole thing. Pull out too many parts, or just block up too many of the flows from one component to another and the whole thing collapses. And when I say ‘flows’ here, I mean ‘connection’/’relationship’. You could have all the pieces of the system/network, but if they weren’t able to interact, you wouldn’t have a network, let alone a living system.</p><p id="6f03">In an ecosystem, there is also no ‘boss’, no centralized command and control. The whole thing works because of how the community fits together, not because someone designed it that way. A social eco-network is similar. There may be players with larger impacts and greater input into direction, but that doesn’t mean they master-mind and control the whole thing.</p><p id="248a">Another thing a social eco-network and a ecosystem have in common is boundaries. They may be fuzzy, but they are real and discernable. For instance, there is diversity, but the diversity isn’t infinite (like it could be in an open network) and it certainly isn’t random. Whales don’t occupy forests, butterflies don’t do arctics, polar bears don’t co-exist well within rainforests.</p><p id="c77f">With ecosystems the boundary is environmental, the community members all thrive within a similar environment. With an eco-network, the boundary is purpose. And the boundary is what holds the community together.</p><h2 id="66e9">The Point of an Eco-Network</h2><p id="04f0">So — ultimately — the main distinction between an ego-network and an eco-network is this — the eco-network exists to support a purpose, not a person or an organization. It supports a broad purpose that is greater than any of the individuals involved, but which benefits all the individuals involved. It’s also a purpose which can’t be served nearly as effectively by individuals (or individual organizations) acting on their own, without the diverse and reciprocal flows of support and information that characterizes an ecosystem.</p><p id="4069">The glue, then, is not ONLY strong personal bonds (as in an ego-network) — though it won’t ever work without a lot of them — it is ALSO an intention that is larger than the personal bonds. It is an intention to be one part of a larger, purposeful, whole. An intention to help develop that whole and the individuals within it in ways that are generative for oneself as well as for the larger purpose.</p><p id="984c">An eco-network, then, has: a purpose; diverse membership; complex reciprocity; multiple ‘centers’ with multiple roles; and a robust and free flow of information, resources, capacity and care to where they are needed most. A flow that both includes and transcends the bonds of personal connection, and that emerge from the interactions.</p><p id="453e">Far from being a popularity contest, an eco-network is a puzzle we can do together. It’s a fun but serious game of learning about fits and flows — about

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how to amplify the impact of what each member has to offer. It’s a dance between the individual and the collective, an ever-shifting experiment with order emerging from chaos.</p><h2 id="da50">But So What?</h2><p id="4717">Why do I think any of this matters?</p><p id="41bb">I believe it matters because our imaginations matter. All of our actions and behaviors are driven by and reflect our deepest beliefs and values — and these are all gestated in the womb of our imaginations. What we can’t imagine, we can’t create. And the only way we ever create something new, for which there is no current model, is if we imagine it first. I believe it matters that we pull our imaginations a step past what we already know, do and envision — into a higher level of generative capacity — in a way that affirms and includes everyone, not just the social butterflies.</p><p id="8817">And I believe that if we tease out a clearer understanding of the values and intent of network weaving, if we tempt our imaginations into this fresh, promising new territory, we go further to affirm and generate the kind of world we want to live in together. We affirm that weaving an impactful and resilient change network:</p><ul><li>Is not a contest — it’s more about discerning the right network for ourselves (so we don’t end up like a polar bear in a rainforest), finding our natural place, supporting the flow of nutrients where they need to go, expressing our unique contribution and helping others do all of that as well.</li><li>Means supporting others, whether they’re able to support us or not, serves the overall purpose we’re all trying to promote.</li><li>Requires a lot of different roles, as well as understanding and appreciating the roles that are different from our own.</li><li>Means going beyond developing our own personal relationships, and helping others develop relationships that enhance maximum flow of value throughout the network.</li><li>Requires recognizing and acting on the recognition that there is a limit to how much can be accomplished in a transactional context, and that system change is built on an abundance of relationships across differences.</li></ul><p id="ebb9">Stimulating this kind of understanding and imagination requires many tools and approaches — <a href="https://help.sum-app.net/portal/en/kb/articles/what-is-social-system-mapping">Mapping</a> is the tool Tim and I personally contribute to the puzzle. Powerful, adaptive eco-networks are the shift we’re trying to support.</p><p id="8454">What contributions are you interested in making and to which greater purpose?</p><p id="1780">By <a href="undefined">Christine Capra</a>, March 2018 <i>Originally published at <a href="http://greaterthanthesum.com/not-networking/">greaterthanthesum.com</a></i>.</p><blockquote id="ae3b"><p>In case you liked what you just read and you’re getting value out it, I encourage you to <b>click the 👏 button </b>and <b>hold down to 20–50 claps </b>as this will help concepts and ideas above get more exposure.</p></blockquote><p id="f809"><b>Related:</b></p><div id="5ad0" class="link-block"> <a href="https://readmedium.com/types-of-trust-in-networks-6fd7de879d28"> <div> <div> <h2>Types of trust in high-trust Networks (of Community of Practice kind)</h2> <div><h3>If trust is the glue of a network we can’t have too many honest and authentic discussions about it — by Christine Capra…</h3></div> <div><p>medium.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/1*aguSzTEUAI2rFqltiShAgg.jpeg)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="2094" class="link-block"> <a href="https://stories.platformdesigntoolkit.com/7-key-platform-design-principles-d84cc78b9218"> <div> <div> <h2>The 7 Key Principles of Platform Design</h2> <div><h3>To design Strategies that mobilize, in the XXIst Century</h3></div> <div><p>stories.platformdesigntoolkit.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/1*KBo_EgHlsm5LObwH_20egQ.jpeg)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="4106" class="link-block"> <a href="https://readmedium.com/networks-are-not-communities-1df2ac5ac6c4"> <div> <div> <h2>Networks are not Communities</h2> <div><h3>by Henry Mintzberg</h3></div> <div><p>medium.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/1*eeRI3JaIW05lwVvM3DCYnA.jpeg)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="04e6" class="link-block"> <a href="https://readmedium.com/exploring-the-ecosystem-d03b07448b83"> <div> <div> <h2>Exploring the ecosystem</h2> <div><h3>Reflections from the Network Convergence retreat</h3></div> <div><p>medium.com</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/1*uskvlPFCIMzpSHOxzsPabg.jpeg)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="683e" class="link-block"> <a href="http://workfutures.org/post/178981762658/evolution-of-the-platform-organization"> <div> <div> <h2>Evolution of the Platform Organization</h2> <div><h3>I was recently honored to present a keynote in Qingdao China at the 2nd International Renhanheyi Model Forum, held on…</h3></div> <div><p>workfutures.org</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/0*8IQVkfRVoJWIJRip)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div><div id="4ea5" class="link-block"> <a href="https://newnetworkleader.org/"> <div> <div> <h2>The New Network Leader</h2> <div><h3>Four Network Leadership Principles</h3></div> <div><p>newnetworkleader.org</p></div> </div> <div> <div style="background-image: url(https://miro.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:320/0*pV3j7vJQJd1GcDGd)"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div></article></body>

Vitamin B12: Can Gut Bacteria Synthesize It?

Yes, but science says you shouldn’t rely on it — as they make it for their own needs.

Image by Myriam Zilles from Pixabay

A Primer on B12

Vitamin B12 — also called cobalamin — is a priority for vegans and vegetarians to address. Because the human body cannot ssynthesiseB12 and plant foods don’t contain it unless they’re fortified with B12. That’s why vitamin B12 is usually sourced from animal foods such as liver, fish, chicken and eggs.

Vitamin B12 helps the body to synthesize new DNA and maintain healthy red blood cells and neurons. Vitamin B12 deficiency, therefore, leads to a plethora of side effects including tiredness, anaemia, constipation, weight loss, memory problems, depression, tingling in hands and feet and other manifestations of neurological issues.

B12-Synthesizing Gut Bacteria

“Vitamin B12, otherwise known as cobalamin, is the biggest and most intricate vitamin,” write Chinese researchers in a peer-reviewed book chapter titled Biosynthesis of Vitamins by Probiotic Bacteria. Why? Vitamin B12 has the most complex structure out of all vitamins synthesizable by gut bacteria. Vitamin B12 synthesis requires 30 different genes in a bacterial genome to be activated in an intricate order.

In a 2019 review written by Japanese researchers in the Frontiers of Nutrition, they provided a list of gut bacteria that can make vitamin B12:

  • Bacteroidetes: Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella copri.
  • Firmicutes: Clostridium difficile, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus lactaris, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. coryniformis and L. reuteri.
  • Actinobacteria: Bifidobacterium animalis, B. infantis and B.longum.
  • Fusobacteria: Fusobacterium varium.

But these bacteria all reside in the large intestine or the colon. And receptors that uptake vitamin B12 are only present in the small intestine wherein they absorb dietary B12 after protein digestion in the stomach. The gut microbial B12 is, therefore, not bioavailable to the host.

What About Coprophagy?

Some mammals such as rabbits, hippos, pandas, elephants and non-human primates do practice coprophagy — the act of ingesting faeces.

“These animals receive the benefit of microbial cobalamin [vitamin B12] production in the large intestine by consuming their faeces which localizes microbial cobalamin (and other vitamins) to the upper part of the digestive tract where it can be absorbed,” Andrew Goodman, assistant professor in the Department of Microbial Pathogenesis at Yale University and colleagues wrote in Cell Metabolism.

However, even animals prefer B12 from foods if given a choice. Experiments with rodents and dogs showed that they tend to engage in coprophagy if their diet were deficient in B12. Provide them meals with B12, and the coprophagy tendency stops.

No credible studies to date have tried administering something like a ‘stool capsule’ to people deficient in vitamin B12. I mean, people would just settle for other nutritional supplements or, for vegans and vegetarians, other non-animal sources of B12 such as algae or B12-fortified plant foods.

What About B12-Synthesizing Small Intestinal Bacteria?

“The human small intestine also often harbours a considerable microflora,” stated an old 1980 study which examined healthy Southern Indians. “We now show that at least two groups of organisms in the small bowel, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species may synthesize significant amounts of the vitamin.”

Yet vitamin B12 deficiency is common in India, probably of the lack of animal foods in their diet. Indians also typically have a more enriched small intestinal microbiota than other geographical regions for unclear reasons.

And increased numbers of bacteria in the small intestine — such as during small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) — is known to induce vitamin B12 deficiency. Because small intestinal microbes outcompete the host for the valuable vitamin B12 required for DNA synthesis, explain researchers from the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

The same applies to microbes in the large intestines, especially the butyrate-producing bacteria and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that have multiple B12 transport genes. Butyrate has systems-wide anti-inflammatory effects crucial for overall health. Whereas B. thetaiotaomicron helps the host to break down antinutrients — phytates and saponins — present in plant foods:

In a sense, B12 also nourishes the gut microbiota. And this is also the primary reason why large and small intestinal bacteria synthesize B12 — to support the growth of other microbes, serving their roles as members of the microbial ecosystem. If the host’s diet has sufficient B12, however, the microbes would instead conserve the energy needed to activate 30 genes to produce B12.

“Although cobalamin [vitamin B12] is synthesized by some human gut microbes, it is a precious resource in the gut and is likely not provisioned to the host in significant quantities,” Goodman and colleagues concluded.

Put it simply, gut bacteria can produce vitamin B12. But we shouldn’t rely on them to provide our daily requirement of B12. Because, most of the time, they make B12 for their own needs.

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