avatartarun bhatt

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Abstract

</figure></iframe></div></div></figure><p id="b722">The latter part of the constructor and the <i>render</i>() function remain the same.</p><p id="ec84">Now comes the most important and complicated part of our code, the <i>move</i>() function. Let us focus on the code for vehicles moving towards the right, as the same conditions are checked for other directions, and the code is quite similar.</p> <figure id="98e0"> <div> <div> 
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    </figure></iframe></div></div></figure><p id="7b1c">For each direction, we first check if the vehicle has crossed the intersection or not. This is important because if the vehicle has already crossed, then it can keep moving regardless of the signal being green or red, depending only on the vehicle ahead. So when the vehicle crosses the intersection, we set the value of <i>crossed</i> to 1. Now, if the vehicle goes straight i.e. it does not turn, then we add it to the <i>vehiclesNotTurned</i> list and update its <i>crossedIndex</i>, which is its index in the <i>vehiclesNotTurned</i> list. This is done because the order of the vehicles changes after the intersection as some turn and some do not, and the <i>vehicles</i> list defined earlier is not useful to prevent them from overlapping.</p><p id="339c">Next, if the vehicle is going to turn, it moves straight until the turning point which is the middle of the intersection. This movement can happen in 3 cases:</p><ol><li>If it has not reached its stop point before the intersection</li><li>If it has already crossed the intersection</li><li>If the traffic signal controlling the direction in which the vehicle is moving is Green</li></ol><p id="af07">Along with this, we need to ensure that there is no overlap with the vehicle ahead when it moves. This is decided by taking into consideration the following <b>three parameters</b>: the coordinate of the vehicle ahead, the width/height of the vehicle ahead, and the <i>movingGap</i>. Also, if the vehicle ahead has already turned, then we need not worry about overlap. Only when any of these three conditions are satisfied along with no overlap, the coordinate of the vehicle is updated by incrementing/decrementing it by the speed of the vehicle, depending on its direction of motion.</p><p id="f76b">Once the vehicle crosses its turning point, if the <i>turned</i> value is 0, it turns as it rotates while moving along both the x and y-axis. Once the <i>rotationAngle</i> is 90 degrees, the <i>turned</i> variable is set to 1, the vehicle is added to the <i>vehiclesTurned</i> list, and its <i>crossedIndex</i> is updated. Else if the <i>turned </i>value is 1, the vehicle moves only if there is a sufficient gap to the vehicle ahead, found using the <i>vehiclesTurned</i> list. This is decided based on the same three parameters mentioned above. This turning logic is coded separately for the two lanes to have more control over the simulation.</p><blockquote id="5d31"><p>This is where the originalImage is used. Rotating an image is considered a destructive transform. This means that every time it is performed, the image loses pixel data. For this reason, it is better to re-transform the original image than to keep transforming an image multiple times. Thus, we rotate the originalImage by rotationAngle and update the image by this modified image, while keeping the originalImage unchanged.</p></blockquote><p id="b6e4">Lastly, if the vehicle is not going to turn, then the first part remains the same as the turning vehicles, and they move straight until they cross the intersection. However, after crossing the intersection, they simply move if there is a sufficient gap to the vehicle ahead, found using the <i>vehiclesNotTurned</i> list. Again, this is decided based on the three parameters mentioned above.</p><p id="7aea">The entire <i>move()</i> function is given below. Note that this function is also a part of the <i>Vehicle</i> class defined above and needs to be indented accordingly.</p>
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    </figure></iframe></div></div></figure><h2 id="9a13">Creating objects of TrafficSignal class</h2><p id="a920">We need to modify the <i>initialize</i>() function so that the 4 <i>TrafficSignal</i> objects are initialized with random values between the range specified by <i>randomGreenSignalTimerRange</i> if <i>randomGreenSignalTime</i> is set to True.</p><div id="9fdf"><pre>def initialize():
<span class="hljs-keyword">min</span>Time = <span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>GreenSignalTimerRange[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword">max</span>Time = <span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>GreenSignalTimerRange[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
if(<span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>GreenSignalTimer):
    ts1 = TrafficSignal(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>.randint(<span class="hljs-keyword">min</span>Time,<span class="hljs-keyword">max</span>Time))
    signals.append(ts1)
    ts2 = TrafficSignal(ts1.yellow+ts1.green, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>.randint(<span class="hljs-keyword">min</span>Time,<span class="hljs-keyword">max</span>Time))
    signals.append(ts2)
    ts3 = TrafficSignal(<span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Red, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>.randint(<span class="hljs-keyword">min</span>Time,<span class="hljs-keyword">max</span>Time))
    signals.append(ts3)
    ts4 = TrafficSignal(<span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Red, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">random</span>.randint(<span class="hljs-keyword">min</span>Time,<span class="hljs-keyword">max</span>Time))
    signals.append(ts4)
else:
    ts1 = TrafficSignal(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Green[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>])
    signals.append(ts1)
    ts2 = TrafficSignal(ts1.yellow+ts1.green, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Green[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>])
    signals.append(ts2)
    ts3 = TrafficSignal(<span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Red, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Green[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>])
    signals.append(ts3)
    ts4 = TrafficSignal(<span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Red, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Yellow, <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>Green[<span class="hljs-number">3</span>])
    signals.append(ts4)
repeat()</pre></div><h2 id="204c">repeat() function</h2><p id="0b4e">The same applies to the <i>repeat</i>() function as well. The only change is that if <i>randomGreenSignalTimer</i> is set to True, we generate a random number between <i>randomGreenSignalTimerRange</i>[0] and <i>randomGreenSignalTimerRange</i>[1], and set it as the green signal time.</p><div id="8e72"><pre>def repeat():
global currentGreen, currentYellow, nextGreen
while(signals[currentGreen].green&gt;<span class="hljs-number">0</span>):
    updateValues()
    time.sleep(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
currentYellow = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>   
for i in range(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number"

Options

3</span>): for vehicle in vehicles[directionNumbers[currentGreen]][i]: vehicle.stop=defaultStop[directionNumbers[currentGreen]] while(signals[currentGreen].yellow><span class="hljs-number">0</span>):
updateValues() time.sleep(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) currentYellow = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>
minTime = randomGreenSignalTimerRange[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] maxTime = randomGreenSignalTimerRange[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] if(randomGreenSignalTimer): signals[currentGreen].green=random.randint(minTime, maxTime) else: signals[currentGreen].green = defaultGreen[currentGreen] signals[currentGreen].yellow = defaultYellow signals[currentGreen].red = defaultRed currentGreen = nextGreen nextGreen = (currentGreen+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)<span class="hljs-comment">%noOfSignals</span> signals[nextGreen].red = signals[currentGreen].yellow+signals[currentGreen].green repeat()</pre></div><h2 id="1f88">generateVehicles() function</h2><p id="b24b">The <i>generateVehicles</i>() function is modified as shown below. The vehicle type is set by generating a random number from <i>allowedVehicleTypesList</i>. This list is populated in the <i>Main</i> class below. We define a new variable <i>will_turn</i>, which is initially set to 0. <i>will_turn</i> is then set to 1 with a 40% chance using random numbers. Lastly, in addition to the existing variables, this <i>will_turn</i> variable is also passed in the constructor while creating an object of the <i>Vehicle</i> class.</p><div id="8de5"><pre><span class="hljs-attribute">def</span> generateVehicles(): <span class="hljs-attribute">while</span>(True): <span class="hljs-attribute">vehicle_type</span> = random.choice(allowedVehicleTypesList) <span class="hljs-attribute">lane_number</span> = random.randint(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) <span class="hljs-attribute">will_turn</span> = <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">if</span>(lane_number == <span class="hljs-number">1</span>): <span class="hljs-attribute">temp</span> = random.randint(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number">99</span>) <span class="hljs-attribute">if</span>(temp<<span class="hljs-number">40</span>): <span class="hljs-attribute">will_turn</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">elif</span>(lane_number == <span class="hljs-number">2</span>): <span class="hljs-attribute">temp</span> = random.randint(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number">99</span>) <span class="hljs-attribute">if</span>(temp<<span class="hljs-number">40</span>): <span class="hljs-attribute">will_turn</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">temp</span> = random.randint(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number">99</span>) <span class="hljs-attribute">direction_number</span> = <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">dist</span> =<span class="hljs-meta"> [25,50,75,100]</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">if</span>(temp<dist[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]): <span class="hljs-attribute">direction_number</span> = <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">elif</span>(temp<dist[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]): <span class="hljs-attribute">direction_number</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">elif</span>(temp<dist[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]): <span class="hljs-attribute">direction_number</span> = <span class="hljs-number">2</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">elif</span>(temp<dist[<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]): <span class="hljs-attribute">direction_number</span> = <span class="hljs-number">3</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">Vehicle</span>(lane_number, vehicleTypes[vehicle_type], direction_number, directionNumbers[direction_number], will_turn) <span class="hljs-attribute">time</span>.sleep(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)</pre></div><h2 id="726d">Main class</h2><p id="81c7">There is only one small addition here. We just need to populate the <i>allowedVehicleTypesList</i> according to the <i>allowedVehicleTypes</i> dictionary. For this, the following code needs to be added right at the beginning of the Main class, as shown below. The rest of the <i>Main</i> class remains the same.</p><div id="4cc3"><pre>class Main: global allowedVehicleTypesList <span class="hljs-selector-tag">i</span> = <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> vehicleType <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> allowedVehicleTypes: <span class="hljs-built_in">if</span>(allowedVehicleTypes<span class="hljs-selector-attr">[vehicleType]</span>): allowedVehicleTypesList<span class="hljs-selector-class">.append</span>(i) <span class="hljs-selector-tag">i</span> += <span class="hljs-number">1</span></pre></div><h1 id="a2bc">Running the code</h1><p id="6e5d">Time to see the results. Fire up a cmd/terminal and run the command:</p><div id="5888"><pre>$ <span class="hljs-keyword">python</span> simulation.<span class="hljs-keyword">py</span></pre></div><figure id="01b9"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*dhRA3M5L5pH5rmUsqdLueg.png"><figcaption>Snapshot of final simulation output showing vehicles turning</figcaption></figure><figure id="004b"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*FwYlT4MUI2OLs4g5FLwhdg.png"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure id="320a"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*GSJwZxuK8chZmw7QlXNhug.png"><figcaption>Snapshots showing simulation with: (i) Cars only, (ii) Heavy vehicles only (Buses and Trucks)</figcaption></figure><p id="ce86"><b><i>And we are done!</i></b> We have added the three additional features — turning functionality, vehicle type controller, and random green signal timer function — to our simulation. This makes the simulation more representative of the real-life scenarios and gives us more control to customize it, thus serving as a handy tool for data analysis as well as AI or ML applications.</p><p id="7d91"><b>Source code: <a href="https://github.com/mihir-m-gandhi/Traffic-Intersection-Simulation-with-Turns"></a></b><a href="https://github.com/mihir-m-gandhi/Traffic-Intersection-Simulation-with-Turns">https://github.com/mihir-m-gandhi/Traffic-Intersection-Simulation-with-Turns</a></p><p id="fe03">This is the second part in a series of articles:</p><ul><li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/traffic-intersection-simulation-using-pygame-689d6bd7687a">Traffic Intersection Simulation using Pygame, Part 1</a></li><li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/traffic-intersection-simulation-using-pygame-part-2-9ce512fdb253">Traffic Intersection Simulation using Pygame, Part 2</a></li><li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/traffic-intersection-simulation-using-pygame-part-3-98159178ef30">Traffic Intersection Simulation using Pygame, Part 3</a></li></ul><p id="2ec7">This simulation was developed as part of a research project titled ‘Smart Control of Traffic Lights using Artificial Intelligence’. Check out its demonstration video <a href="https://youtu.be/OssY5pzOyo0">here</a>. This research work was presented at IEEE International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE) 2020 and published in IEEE Xplore. Read the paper here.</p><p id="50b4"><i>Thanks for reading! I hope this article was helpful. If you have any doubts or need further clarification, feel free to reach out to me on <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mihir-gandhi-0706/">LinkedIn</a>.</i></p></article></body>

Toastmasters Table Topics #12 | You are at the airport for your end-of-year vacation.

You are traveling internationally, and upon reaching the airport, you realize you have forgotten your passport. What will you do?

Let’s practice impromptu speaking.

Photo by Product School on Unsplash

I have written about the significance of public speaking in the past. I started this writing series on table topics some months back. Before diving into today’s topic, here is a quick introduction to Table Topics.

What are Table Topics?

In Toastmasters, “Table Topics” is a segment where participants deliver an impromptu speech. The speech should be at least half a minute or more than two and a half minutes.

Table Topics aims to encourage speakers to seize opportunities with promptness. Speakers learn to provide coherent and concise content without prior preparation. It’s a valuable exercise for developing spontaneous speaking skills. Something very useful in formal presentations and everyday conversations.

The topic for today’s article is:

You are at the airport for your end-of-year vacation. You are traveling out of the country. Upon reaching the airport, you realize you have forgotten your passport. What will you do?

Ouch is my first response to the topic. I hope I don’t visualize an event like this by writing on it. It’s high time, we allow e-passports but security agencies might not find this idea helpful.

Topics like these are great opportunities. There is complete freedom to take it anywhere. There should not be any pressure to deliver a positive message. The best way to perform is by imagining the situation and letting the words come out with emotions.

My Ritual

I follow a ritual for every speech. The routine helps me to compose myself. It gives me a sense of satisfaction that things are in control.

A confident stride to the podium is the easiest way to kickstart the ritual. The next step would be to thank the table topic master and give a firm handshake. Repeating the question will buy me some thinking time.

I ensure that the podium is not standing in the way between me and the audience. It also gives me an excellent opportunity to take a deep breath and shrug off any anxiety.

I prefer not to look at my feet while thinking, and my hands should not be in my pocket. It demonstrates an anxious personality.

Speech Delivery

My speech goes as follows:

I hope it never happens. The mere thought of an incident like this gives me goosebumps.

What will I do if such an event happens? I won’t waste my time pleading with the officials to let me travel. As it’s end-of-year travel, chances of getting another flight will be difficult. Even if I do get one, prizes will be through the roof.

If I cancel the trip, hotel cancellation will cost me a fortune. What can I do? What can anyone do? Uncle Murphy has given you a visit. You can’t do anything apart from blaming the person who invented passports.

If I ever face a situation like this, I will blame the table topic master for the mishap.

Let’s think of some damage control. If other family members are traveling, I will let them go ahead and have fun while I party alone with Dr Murphy.

If there is a possibility for a rescheduled ticket without the need to sell my kidney, I would consider it. I will ignore my budget constraints and go ahead with the trip.

If rescheduling flight tickets is impossible, I pray to GOD I get enough refund for a bottle of Whiskey.

What else can anyone do? I hope one day someone invents a technology for e-passports. At the end of this speech, I pray to GOD no one goes through an experience like this.

GOD bless you, and happy new year.

Thank you.

Conclusion

I am as spontaneous as possible when I write articles on table topics. It means I will elaborate on the first idea which comes into my head. There may be better answers than the first idea. Writing the first answer helps me to simulate a live environment.

I am writing these stories on table topics to create a collection for competitions. It is tough to think on the spot. A compilation like this sounds like an excellent way to practice. Hence, this is my way of visualizing robust and impactful content. Recording these speeches is a part of my routine. It gives me invaluable input to work and improve. THANKS FOR READING THIS PIECE. Positive feedback will help growth.

Thanks

Tarun

See below links to other articles from this series on table topics:

Toastmasters
Public Speaking
Impromptu Speaking
Self Improvement
Confidence
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