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Abstract

ined to perform single or narrow tasks faster and better than humans. For example, Apple Siri and Amazon Alexa. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence">Weak artificial intelligence — Wikipedia</a> 17 January 2024</p><h2 id="899b">Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)</h2><p id="9cbe">Uses previous learnings and skills to accomplish new tasks in a different context without the need for humans to train. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence">Artificial general intelligence — Wikipedia</a> 15 January 2024</p><h2 id="b56b">Super AI</h2><p id="7311">Will think, reason, learn, make judgments, and possess cognitive abilities better than humans. These apps go beyond understanding human sentiments and experiences. Super AI machines will feel emotions, have needs, and possess beliefs and desires of their own. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence">Superintelligence — Wikipedia</a> 30 December 2023</p><h2 id="ccf0">Functionalities</h2><p id="c697"><b>Reactive Machine AI</b> — works with available data, has no memory, and is designed to perform a specific task. Examples are IBM Deep Blue and the Netflix Recommendation Engine. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. <a href="https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616">Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)</a></p><p id="ff83"><b>Limited Memory AI</b> recalls specific objects or situations relative to events and outcomes. It uses past and present data to determine a course of action that helps achieve a desired outcome. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. <a href="https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616">Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)</a></p><p id="80b0">Examples include generative AI tools (Chat GPT, Bard, and DeepAI) that rely on limited memory and AI capabilities that predict virtual elements, words, or phrases within the content they generate.</p><h2 id="2c2b">Examples of Limited Memory AI</h2><p id="a51a">Virtual Assistance</p><p id="95a0">Self-driving vehicles</p><p id="1e4f">Chatbots</p><p id="99cf">These apps merge natural language processing (NLP) and limited-memory AI.</p><h2 id="8bb9">Theory of Mind AI</h2><p id="c056">This is general AI. It will understand the thoughts and emotions of other entities, and this understanding will determine how the AI interacts. This theory will allow AI to simulate human-like relationships. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. <a href="https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616">Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)</a></p><h2 id="a1e3">Self-Awareness</h2><p id="1202">Self-awareness means the machine will have consciousness built into it. The machine is self-aware of itself, knows its internal states, and predicts the feelings of others. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. <a href="https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616">Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)</a></p><h2 id="f27d">Emotion AI</h2><p id="0a68">Researchers want AI to have the ability to analyze voices, images, and other data to recognize, stimulate, monitor, and respond to humans on an emotional level; this is not possible currently. Somers, M. Mar 8, 2019, Emotion AI, explained <a href="https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/emotion-ai-explained#Is%20Emotion%20Ai%20Something%20to%20Welcome%20Or%20to%20Worry%20About?">Emotion AI, explained | MIT Sloan</a></p><h2 id="776f">Practical applications of AI technologies</h2><p id="d387">Computer vision, robotics, smart home devices, and expert systems are practical applications. AI can diagnose disease, personalize social media, execute data analysis, power chatbots, assemble automobiles, and minimize radiation from wildfires. Bansal, S. July 1, 2020, 15 Real World Applications of Artificial Intelligence, <a href="https://www.analytixlabs.co.in/blog/applications-of-artificial-intelligence/#:~:text=Real%20World%20AI%20Applications%201%201.%20Personalized%20Online,...%208%208.%20Customer%

Options

20Service%20...%20More%20items">Top 15 Real World Applications of Artificial Intelligence | Uses of AI (analytixlabs.co.in)</a></p><h2 id="1610">AI Advantages</h2><p id="7934">AI systems learn data, process unstructured data, improve performance, offer better scalability than traditional programs, run 24/7 without human intervention, and automate repetitive jobs. Bose, P. August 2, 2023, Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence <a href="https://www.analytixlabs.co.in/blog/merits-and-demerits-of-artificial-intelligence/">merits and demerits of artificial intelligence (analytixlabs.co.in)</a></p><h2 id="4141">AI Disadvantages</h2><p id="6c84">Systems can be hard to control and interpret, the process may be unclear, lack of transparency can cause problems when decision-making must be explained, and automation can have significant job loss implications. Bose, P. August 2, 2023, Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence <a href="https://www.analytixlabs.co.in/blog/merits-and-demerits-of-artificial-intelligence/">merits and demerits of artificial intelligence (analytixlabs.co.in)</a></p><h2 id="3b05">AI Writing Tools Benefits</h2><p id="c25e">AI writing tools can write faster, save time, conduct extensive research, produce high-quality content, create grammatically correct and well-structured sentences, polish writing and check for errors, maintain brand voice consistency, quicken time to market, and shorten timeframes for trending topics. Chaturvedi, A. Nov 29, 2023, 23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2024 (Free & Paid) <a href="https://elephas.app/blog/best-ai-writing-tools-generators#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20Using%20AI%20Writing%20Tools%20and%20Generators,Idea%20Generator%20...%205%205-%20Time-Efficient%20Research%20">23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2023 (Free and Paid) (elephas.app)</a></p><p id="4b34">Tools empower writers to increase engagement and ensure content is relevant. Tools use algorithms to proofread text, detect errors, suggest corrections, provide suggestions on word usage, order, and syntax, and make recommendations based on the intended audience. Chaturvedi, A. Nov 29, 2023, 23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2024 (Free & Paid) <a href="https://elephas.app/blog/best-ai-writing-tools-generators#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20Using%20AI%20Writing%20Tools%20and%20Generators,Idea%20Generator%20...%205%205-%20Time-Efficient%20Research%20">23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2023 (Free and Paid) (elephas.app)</a></p><h2 id="4d23">AI Challenges and Limitations</h2><p id="6cbc">Reliability, relatability, and cognition are challenges; machines lack the human touch and creative flair. They lack cultural and intellectual nuance. AI is as good as the algorithms and quality of the users’ input. Citak, E. July 6, 2023, AI has many obstacles in its way, <a href="https://dataconomy.com/2023/07/06/challenges-in-artificial-intelligence/">Top 10 Challenges In Artificial Intelligence In 2023 — Dataconomy</a></p><p id="ed54">AI writing tools are not flawless; they make contextual and factual slip-ups. Human writers have a vast, relatable base of experiences, emotions, and knowledge. AI cannot write like humans, with emotional depth and experience that hook readers in and leave them wanting more. AI cannot mimic human cognition, linking words with context and grasping a particular subject’s complexities and grey areas. Citak, E. July 6, 2023, AI has many obstacles in its way, <a href="https://dataconomy.com/2023/07/06/challenges-in-artificial-intelligence/">Top 10 Challenges In Artificial Intelligence In 2023 — Dataconomy</a></p><h2 id="5382">Cognition</h2><p id="4d7c">Aspects of intellectual functions and processes include perception, attention, thought, imagination, intelligence, knowledge formation, memory, judgment and evaluation, computation, problem-solving and decision-making, comprehension, and language production. AI comes up short on most of these functions and processes. TSchopp, Marisa and Ruef, Marc, October 28, 2019, Human Cognition and Artificial Intelligence — A Plea for Science. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336850257_Human_Cognition_and_Artificial_Intelligence_-_A_Plea_for_Science">(PDF) Human Cognition and Artificial Intelligence — A Plea for Science (researchgate.net)</a></p><h2 id="f5f6">Conclusion</h2><p id="9a1d">Writers should be concerned with AI and its effect on HI. My view at first was complete avoidance. After research, I see that AI and HI create a human-AI collaboration. I caution against allowing the AI to do the writing process without human intervention; the intellectual functions and processes require human participation.</p></article></body>

In the Writer’s World — Technology and Humans Make Great Gains

DEP AI vs. HI book project

File: Humanoid robot and woman retrieve information — includes a visible typical error of recent AI-generated pictures.png English Humanoid robot and a woman retrieve information from a laptop. The picture was AI generated by the “author”/uploader with granted rights. The picture comprises errors — the second forearm and hand of the woman are unhuman artifacts. Author Polimorph This file is in the public domain because it is the work of a computer algorithm or artificial intelligence and does not contain sufficient human authorship to support a copyright claim. Public domain — Wikipedia File: Humanoid robot and woman retrieve information — includes a visible typical error of recent AI generated pictures.png — Wikimedia Commons

Introduction

This article is written to support a book and writing contest sponsored by Dr. Korosi and the editorial staff at Dancing Elephants Press. I am delighted to participate. Some writers are concerned about the place of Human Intelligence (HI) vs. Artificial Intelligence (AI).

We must look at the holistic picture of each intelligence form and focus more on how each component functions. We must answer the age-old question about how all the parts work together.

Intelligence

Includes capacities to recognize patterns, innovate, plan, solve problems, and employ language to communicate. Intelligence enables humans to experience and think. Intelligence — Wikipedia 11 January 2024

Human Intelligence

A mental quality consists of learning from experience, adapting to new situations, understanding and handling abstract concepts, and using knowledge to manipulate our environment. Cognitive feats, high levels of motivation, and self-awareness mark HI. HI gives humans the cognitive ability to learn, form concepts, understand, and reason. Intelligence — Wikipedia 11 January 2024 and Human intelligence — Wikipedia 14 January 2024

Artificial Intelligence

The intelligence of machines or software. Traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perceptions, and support for robotics. Intelligence — Wikipedia 11 January 2024

Different Types of Intelligence

Emotional, social, and moral intelligence are different types of intelligence that writers often use to frame articles, stories, books, or other professional documents. Intelligence — Wikipedia 11 January 2024

Human Intelligence Types

Spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, and logical-mathematics are all HI types. The type that affects writers most directly is linguistic intelligence; it is the ability to use language effectively and creatively. Human intelligence — Wikipedia 14 January 2024

Traditional machine-learning models

Data scientists develop algorithms for machine-learning models. HI requires input to process new information and perform new tasks outside the training baseline. Apple Siri application is an example. Applications of artificial intelligence — Wikipedia 17 January 2024

Deep Learning

Deep learning uses artificial neural networks to enable digital systems to learn and make decisions based on unstructured, unlabeled data. AI learns to perform tasks requiring HI, engage in new behavior, and decide without human intervention. Deep learning — Wikipedia 6 January 2024

AI-Based on Capability

Artificial Narrow AI

The only AI that exists today; other forms are theoretical. This AI can be trained to perform single or narrow tasks faster and better than humans. For example, Apple Siri and Amazon Alexa. Weak artificial intelligence — Wikipedia 17 January 2024

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Uses previous learnings and skills to accomplish new tasks in a different context without the need for humans to train. Artificial general intelligence — Wikipedia 15 January 2024

Super AI

Will think, reason, learn, make judgments, and possess cognitive abilities better than humans. These apps go beyond understanding human sentiments and experiences. Super AI machines will feel emotions, have needs, and possess beliefs and desires of their own. Superintelligence — Wikipedia 30 December 2023

Functionalities

Reactive Machine AI — works with available data, has no memory, and is designed to perform a specific task. Examples are IBM Deep Blue and the Netflix Recommendation Engine. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)

Limited Memory AI recalls specific objects or situations relative to events and outcomes. It uses past and present data to determine a course of action that helps achieve a desired outcome. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)

Examples include generative AI tools (Chat GPT, Bard, and DeepAI) that rely on limited memory and AI capabilities that predict virtual elements, words, or phrases within the content they generate.

Examples of Limited Memory AI

Virtual Assistance

Self-driving vehicles

Chatbots

These apps merge natural language processing (NLP) and limited-memory AI.

Theory of Mind AI

This is general AI. It will understand the thoughts and emotions of other entities, and this understanding will determine how the AI interacts. This theory will allow AI to simulate human-like relationships. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)

Self-Awareness

Self-awareness means the machine will have consciousness built into it. The machine is self-aware of itself, knows its internal states, and predicts the feelings of others. Khan, S. November 13, 2016, Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings (theconversation.com)

Emotion AI

Researchers want AI to have the ability to analyze voices, images, and other data to recognize, stimulate, monitor, and respond to humans on an emotional level; this is not possible currently. Somers, M. Mar 8, 2019, Emotion AI, explained Emotion AI, explained | MIT Sloan

Practical applications of AI technologies

Computer vision, robotics, smart home devices, and expert systems are practical applications. AI can diagnose disease, personalize social media, execute data analysis, power chatbots, assemble automobiles, and minimize radiation from wildfires. Bansal, S. July 1, 2020, 15 Real World Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Top 15 Real World Applications of Artificial Intelligence | Uses of AI (analytixlabs.co.in)

AI Advantages

AI systems learn data, process unstructured data, improve performance, offer better scalability than traditional programs, run 24/7 without human intervention, and automate repetitive jobs. Bose, P. August 2, 2023, Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence merits and demerits of artificial intelligence (analytixlabs.co.in)

AI Disadvantages

Systems can be hard to control and interpret, the process may be unclear, lack of transparency can cause problems when decision-making must be explained, and automation can have significant job loss implications. Bose, P. August 2, 2023, Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence merits and demerits of artificial intelligence (analytixlabs.co.in)

AI Writing Tools Benefits

AI writing tools can write faster, save time, conduct extensive research, produce high-quality content, create grammatically correct and well-structured sentences, polish writing and check for errors, maintain brand voice consistency, quicken time to market, and shorten timeframes for trending topics. Chaturvedi, A. Nov 29, 2023, 23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2024 (Free & Paid) 23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2023 (Free and Paid) (elephas.app)

Tools empower writers to increase engagement and ensure content is relevant. Tools use algorithms to proofread text, detect errors, suggest corrections, provide suggestions on word usage, order, and syntax, and make recommendations based on the intended audience. Chaturvedi, A. Nov 29, 2023, 23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2024 (Free & Paid) 23 Best AI Writing Tools and Generators for 2023 (Free and Paid) (elephas.app)

AI Challenges and Limitations

Reliability, relatability, and cognition are challenges; machines lack the human touch and creative flair. They lack cultural and intellectual nuance. AI is as good as the algorithms and quality of the users’ input. Citak, E. July 6, 2023, AI has many obstacles in its way, Top 10 Challenges In Artificial Intelligence In 2023 — Dataconomy

AI writing tools are not flawless; they make contextual and factual slip-ups. Human writers have a vast, relatable base of experiences, emotions, and knowledge. AI cannot write like humans, with emotional depth and experience that hook readers in and leave them wanting more. AI cannot mimic human cognition, linking words with context and grasping a particular subject’s complexities and grey areas. Citak, E. July 6, 2023, AI has many obstacles in its way, Top 10 Challenges In Artificial Intelligence In 2023 — Dataconomy

Cognition

Aspects of intellectual functions and processes include perception, attention, thought, imagination, intelligence, knowledge formation, memory, judgment and evaluation, computation, problem-solving and decision-making, comprehension, and language production. AI comes up short on most of these functions and processes. TSchopp, Marisa and Ruef, Marc, October 28, 2019, Human Cognition and Artificial Intelligence — A Plea for Science. (PDF) Human Cognition and Artificial Intelligence — A Plea for Science (researchgate.net)

Conclusion

Writers should be concerned with AI and its effect on HI. My view at first was complete avoidance. After research, I see that AI and HI create a human-AI collaboration. I caution against allowing the AI to do the writing process without human intervention; the intellectual functions and processes require human participation.