avatarGeorge Calin

Summary

This context provides a comprehensive guide on deploying Qt cross-platform applications to Linux operating systems using linuxdeployqt, detailing the steps from building the Qt code in Release Mode to creating an executable .AppImage file.

Abstract

The guide begins by instructing developers to build their Qt applications in Release Mode and test the compiled code. It then guides them through setting up a deployment directory, downloading the necessary linuxdeployqt tool from GitHub, and executing it with the correct parameters to bundle all required Qt libraries and plugins into a single directory or an .AppImage executable. The tutorial emphasizes the importance of having qmake in the system's PATH and addresses potential errors that may arise during the deployment process. It also covers writing a .desktop file and creating an application icon, ensuring the application is ready for distribution on Linux systems. Additionally, the article provides alternative methods for deploying Qt applications, including using the Qt Installer Framework and suggests ways to support the author.

Opinions

  • The author, George Calin, advocates for using linuxdeployqt as a deployment tool for Qt applications on Linux, citing its ability to make applications self-contained.
  • The author suggests that serious learners should follow Daniel Gakwaya's Udemy courses on Qt to enhance their knowledge and skills.
  • There is an emphasis on the importance of deploying applications with all necessary libraries to ensure functionality on systems without Qt installed.
  • The author provides a troubleshooting section to address common errors, such as missing qmake or issues with glibc versions, reflecting a proactive approach to problem-solving.
  • The article encourages readers to consider submitting their AppImages to AppImageHub, indicating support for community-driven efforts and open-source collaboration.
  • The author offers alternative deployment solutions for Windows operating systems, showcasing a commitment to providing comprehensive resources for Qt developers.
  • By inviting readers to support his writing through a 'Buy Me a Coffee' page, the author expresses gratitude for readership and a desire to continue producing helpful content.

How to Deploy Your Qt Cross-Platform Applications to Linux Operating System With linuxdeployqt

This tutorial explains the manner to deploy cross-platform projects you made with the Qt framework ( Qt Core, Qt Widgets, and Qt Quick alike) to Linux Operating Systems using linuxdeployqt

I used this environment for these demonstrations

Operating System information

Qt Code on Qt Creator

Code sample

The lines of code show the construction of a custom Widget and appear in the following Udemy course:

If you are serious about learning Qt, I recommend following along Daniel Gakwaya’s courses on Udemy.

At this point, the preparations are completed. Let’s start the thing.

Step 0. Build the Qt code in Release Mode

Test run the compiled code

Locate the Qt Application in the Release Build Directory

Structure of files inside the build directory

There are two ways to proceed further to achieve the deployment on the Linux Operating System. That means your application will have all the necessary Qt libraries at its disposal, irrespective of the Qt framework installation on that machine. End user could simply run the application you deployed.

Deployment on Linux using linuxdeployqt

Step 1 . Set up the deployment directory

Step 2. Go to linuxdeployqt github

Step 3. Download the latest release of linuxdeployqt from github

The first option to download the release:

The second option to download the release:

Download the .AppImage

Step 4. Grant execution rights to the downloaded file

Step 5. Execute the file through terminal shell command

Potential Errors and their solution

Notes: As of November 23rd, 2020, the moment I am editing this, download and use the Release 5 of the linuxdeployqt .AppImage.

Otherwise, you will get the following errors when executing it :

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Downloads$ ./linuxdeployqt-7-x86_64.AppImage 
linuxdeployqt 6 (commit d41e234), build 724 built on 2020-07-31 15:51:47 UTC
ERROR: The host system is too new.
Please run on a system with a glibc version no newer than what comes with the oldest
currently still-supported mainstream distribution (xenial), which is glibc 2.23.
This is so that the resulting bundle will work on most still-supported Linux distributions.
For more information, please see
https://github.com/probonopd/linuxdeployqt/issues/340

same error for linuxdeployqt-6-x86

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Downloads$ ./linuxdeployqt-6-x86_64.AppImage 
linuxdeployqt 5 (commit 37631e5), build 631 built on 2019-01-25 22:47:58 UTC
ERROR: The host system is too new.
Please run on a system with a glibc version no newer than what comes with the oldest
still-supported mainstream distribution, which currently is glibc 2.20.
This is so that the resulting bundle will work on most still-supported Linux distributions.
For more information, please see
https://github.com/probonopd/linuxdeployqt/issues/340

Executing the .AppImage file provides you with hints about how to use it

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Downloads$ ./linuxdeployqt-5-x86_64.AppImage 
linuxdeployqt 4 (commit 8b3ded6), build 571 built on 2018-10-07 20:58:12 UTC
 
Usage: linuxdeployqt <app-binary|desktop file> [options]
 
Options:
   -always-overwrite        : Copy files even if the target file exists.
   -appimage                : Create an AppImage (implies -bundle-non-qt-libs).
   -bundle-non-qt-libs      : Also bundle non-core, non-Qt libraries.
   -exclude-libs=<list>     : List of libraries which should be excluded,
                              separated by comma.
   -ignore-glob=<glob>      : Glob pattern relative to appdir to ignore when
                              searching for libraries.
   -executable=<path>       : Let the given executable use the deployed libraries
                              too
   -extra-plugins=<list>    : List of extra plugins which should be deployed,
                              separated by comma.
   -no-copy-copyright-files : Skip deployment of copyright files.
   -no-plugins              : Skip plugin deployment.
   -no-strip                : Don't run 'strip' on the binaries.
   -no-translations         : Skip deployment of translations.
   -qmake=<path>            : The qmake executable to use.
   -qmldir=<path>           : Scan for QML imports in the given path.
   -qmlimport=<path>        : Add the given path to QML module search locations.
   -show-exclude-libs       : Print exclude libraries list.
   -verbose=<0-3>           : 0 = no output, 1 = error/warning (default),
                              2 = normal, 3 = debug.
   -version                 : Print version statement and exit.
 
linuxdeployqt takes an application as input and makes it
self-contained by copying in the Qt libraries and plugins that
the application uses.
 
By default it deploys the Qt instance that qmake on the $PATH points to.
The '-qmake' option can be used to point to the qmake executable
to be used instead.
 
Plugins related to a Qt library are copied in with the library.
 
See the "Deploying Applications on Linux" topic in the
documentation for more information about deployment on Linux.

Step 6. Save the image file which will serve as the application’s icon

Step 7. Write the .desktop text file and save it in the deployment directory, alongside the executable

Here are the specifications for writing .desktop files: https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/

This is an example of a .desktop file
[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=WaterMonitoringSystem
Comment=This is an application that measures levels in the tank and shows warning signals as traffic lights
Exec=WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
Icon=penguin

Step 8. Run the linuxdeployqt with the path to the executable and the other relevant arguments

Potential error: missing qmake in $PATH variable

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt$ cd ~
georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~$ cd Downloads/
georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Downloads$ ls -lh
total 360M
-rw-rw-r-- 1 georgeca georgeca 1,2K sep 10 15:44 0001-georges-led-pin9_23.patch
-rw-rw-r-- 1 georgeca georgeca 241M sep  8 09:24 eclipse-cpp-2020-06-R-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
-rw-rw-r-- 1 georgeca georgeca 105M sep  8 09:38 gcc-linaro-7.5.0-2019.12-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.xz
-rwxrwxr-x 1 georgeca georgeca  14M nov 17 12:07 linuxdeployqt-5-x86_64.AppImage
georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Downloads$ ./linuxdeployqt-5-x86_64.AppImage ~/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
linuxdeployqt 4 (commit 8b3ded6), build 571 built on 2018-10-07 20:58:12 UTC
Not using FHS-like mode
app-binary: "/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/WaterLevelMonitoringSystem"
appDirPath: "/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt"
relativeBinPath: "WaterLevelMonitoringSystem"
ERROR: qmake not found on the $PATH

Solution: Add qmake path to the environment $PATH variable

Delete the files already generated
Locate the Qt bin directory (1)
Locate the Qt bin directory (2)

Run the terminal command to add its path to the $PATH environment variable

Get the directory path towards the ‘bin’ directory:

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Qt/5.14.2/gcc_64$ cd bin/
georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Qt/5.14.2/gcc_64/bin$ pwd
/home/georgeca/Qt/5.14.2/gcc_64/bin

Add to the $PATH variable

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Qt/5.14.2/gcc_64/bin$ export PATH=/home/georgeca/Qt/5.14.2/gcc_64/bin/:$PATH

After adding the qmake path, the environment variable $PATH is going to look like this:

Finally:

OPTION 1: Run linuxdeployqt to deploy the necessary Qt libraries inside the deployment directory

The outcome is:

The directories in the deployment contain all the necessary Qt libraries to run the application:

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt$ tree -L 3 .
.
├── AppRun -> WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
├── lib
│   ├── libicudata.so.56
│   ├── libicui18n.so.56
│   ├── libicuuc.so.56
│   ├── libQt5Core.so.5
│   ├── libQt5DBus.so.5
│   ├── libQt5Gui.so.5
│   ├── libQt5Network.so.5
│   ├── libQt5QmlModels.so.5
│   ├── libQt5Qml.so.5
│   ├── libQt5Quick.so.5
│   ├── libQt5VirtualKeyboard.so.5
│   ├── libQt5Widgets.so.5
│   └── libQt5XcbQpa.so.5
├── plugins
│   ├── imageformats
│   │   ├── libqgif.so
│   │   ├── libqicns.so
│   │   ├── libqico.so
│   │   ├── libqjpeg.so
│   │   ├── libqtga.so
│   │   ├── libqtiff.so
│   │   ├── libqwbmp.so
│   │   └── libqwebp.so
│   ├── platforminputcontexts
│   │   ├── libcomposeplatforminputcontextplugin.so
│   │   ├── libibusplatforminputcontextplugin.so
│   │   └── libqtvirtualkeyboardplugin.so
│   ├── platforms
│   │   └── libqxcb.so
│   └── xcbglintegrations
│       ├── libqxcb-egl-integration.so
│       └── libqxcb-glx-integration.so
├── qt.conf
├── translations
│   ├── qt_ar.qm
│   ├── qt_bg.qm
│   ├── qt_ca.qm
│   ├── qt_cs.qm
│   ├── qt_da.qm
│   ├── qt_de.qm
│   ├── qt_en.qm
│   ├── qt_es.qm
│   ├── qt_fi.qm
│   ├── qt_fr.qm
│   ├── qt_gd.qm
│   ├── qt_he.qm
│   ├── qt_hu.qm
│   ├── qt_it.qm
│   ├── qt_ja.qm
│   ├── qt_ko.qm
│   ├── qt_lv.qm
│   ├── qt_pl.qm
│   ├── qt_ru.qm
│   ├── qt_sk.qm
│   ├── qt_uk.qm
│   └── qt_zh_TW.qm
├── WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
└── WaterLevelMonitoringSystem.desktop.desktop
 
7 directories, 53 files

OPTION 2: Create a single .AppImage executable file to deploy the Qt Application on Linux

georgeca@georgeca-VirtualBox:~/Downloads$ ./linuxdeployqt-5-x86_64.AppImage ~/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/WaterLevelMonitoringSystem -appimage
linuxdeployqt 4 (commit 8b3ded6), build 571 built on 2018-10-07 20:58:12 UTC
Not using FHS-like mode
app-binary: "/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/WaterLevelMonitoringSystem"
appDirPath: "/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt"
relativeBinPath: "WaterLevelMonitoringSystem"
WARNING: "/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/qt.conf" already exists, will not overwrite.
appimagetool, continuous build (commit d185526), build 1855 built on 2018-10-07 20:18:45 UTC
Desktop file: /home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/WaterLevelMonitoringSystem.desktop.desktop
Name: WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
Icon: penguin
Exec: WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
Comment: This is an application that measures levels in the tank and shows warning signals as traffic lights
Type: Application
Categories entry not found in desktop file
Categories: (null)
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/xcbglintegrations/libqxcb-glx-integration.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/xcbglintegrations/libqxcb-egl-integration.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqgif.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqtiff.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqico.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqjpeg.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqwbmp.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqwebp.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqicns.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/imageformats/libqtga.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/bearer/libqconnmanbearer.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/bearer/libqnmbearer.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/bearer/libqgenericbearer.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/platforminputcontexts/libqtvirtualkeyboardplugin.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/platforminputcontexts/libibusplatforminputcontextplugin.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/platforminputcontexts/libcomposeplatforminputcontextplugin.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/plugins/platforms/libqxcb.so used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libXdmcp.so.6 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libk5crypto.so.3 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5Network.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libxcb-glx.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5XcbQpa.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libGLdispatch.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libkrb5support.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5DBus.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libxkbcommon.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libXau.so.6 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5Widgets.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libpng16.so.16 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libkrb5.so.3 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libgcrypt.so.20 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libXext.so.6 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libsystemd.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libgthread-2.0.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libxkbcommon-x11.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libbsd.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5QmlModels.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5Qml.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libicudata.so.56 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libxcb-xfixes.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libxcb-xkb.so.1 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5Quick.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libdbus-1.so.3 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5VirtualKeyboard.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libicuuc.so.56 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5Gui.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/liblzma.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libicui18n.so.56 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libQt5Core.so.5 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/liblz4.so.1 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libGLX.so.0 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libX11-xcb.so.1 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/lib/libpcre.so.3 used for determining architecture x86_64
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt/WaterLevelMonitoringSystem used for determining architecture x86_64
Using architecture x86_64
App name for filename: WaterLevelMonitoringSystem
/home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt should be packaged as WaterLevelMonitoringSystem-x86_64.AppImage
Deleting pre-existing .DirIcon
Creating .DirIcon symlink based on information from desktop file
Generating squashfs...
Size of the embedded runtime: 187784 bytes
mksquashfs commandline: /tmp/.mount_linuxdBLwf77/usr/bin/../lib/appimagekit/mksquashfs /home/georgeca/Qt-Tutorials/Deployment/deploy-with-linuxdeployqt WaterLevelMonitoringSystem-x86_64.AppImage -offset 187784 -comp gzip -root-owned -noappend -mkfs-fixed-time 0 
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 2 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on WaterLevelMonitoringSystem-x86_64.AppImage, block size 131072.
[===========================================================================================================================================================================================-] 730/730 100%
 
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
	compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments, compressed xattrs
	duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 32075.81 Kbytes (31.32 Mbytes)
	37.54% of uncompressed filesystem size (85453.68 Kbytes)
Inode table size 3593 bytes (3.51 Kbytes)
	49.61% of uncompressed inode table size (7243 bytes)
Directory table size 1441 bytes (1.41 Kbytes)
	44.16% of uncompressed directory table size (3263 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 8
Number of inodes 141
Number of files 105
Number of fragments 16
Number of symbolic links  2
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 34
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 1
Number of uids 1
	root (0)
Number of gids 1
	root (0)
Embedding ELF...
Marking the AppImage as executable...
Embedding MD5 digest
Success
 
Please consider submitting your AppImage to AppImageHub, the crowd-sourced
central directory of available AppImages, by opening a pull request
at https://github.com/AppImage/appimage.github.io

Outcome: .AppImage generated alongside linuxdeployqt file

Upon double clicking the .AppImage file, one can run the file.

Alternative solutions

Use the following alternative method to deploy Qt cross-platform applications to Linux Operating System:

In case you wish to deploy your application to Windows Operating System, feel free to use either solution of the following:

If you consider my articles to be helping you, you could support me in writing the next articles by using this page.

Thank you.

Qt
Embedded Linux
Linux
Programming
Cross Platform Apps
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