Breakthroughs in nanoparticle drug delivery
Advances In Using Nanomaterials For Drug Delivery
Breakthroughs in treating cancer, pulmonary, And cardiovascular diseases
How to increase the absorption of therapeutic drugs
The Dox-PVP-Au nanoparticle system represents a promising approach to drug delivery for the treatment of lung cancer. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have shown the potential to increase the absorption of therapeutic drugs, improve bioavailability, reduce side effects, and increase intraocular drug levels, and thus may be used in the future for the treatment of ocular diseases [14].
Pulmonary drug delivery is a cost-effective and efficient approach to TB treatment.{202] In this context, the encapsulation of drugs in nano-drug delivery systems offers a number of potential advantages for penetrating and overcoming biological barriers to reach target sites in the lungs. [Sources: 3, 10, 12]
In addition, the phagocytic nature of AM is an additional advantage for targeted delivery to the lung.[203] Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNP) can be adapted as a platform for the delivery of anti-TB drugs. Nanoparticles can be used to encapsulate radionuclides such as I125 through electrophilic aromatic substitution, which has high radiochemical yields. Moreover, gelatin nanoparticles have also been used to deliver the hydrophobic drug resveratrol to NSCLC cells [47].
Folate-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, previously developed for the treatment of liver cancer, have also been used to administer Doxil (a form of doxorubicin that was the first nanodrug to be approved by the FDA in 1995) [238]. [Sources: 1, 3, 5, 7]
Drug concentration in tumor issues
The aerosol-based targeted drug delivery system resulted in an increase in drug concentration in tumor tissues, which promoted antitumor activity, while direct injection of nanoparticles into the tumor provided high therapeutic efficacy and reduced the systemic tumor toxicity of cisplatin. The layering of several drugs on a single nanoparticle for the treatment of breast cancer has also been demonstrated (49). [Sources: 1, 9]
Active targeting of nanoparticles to tumor cells, microenvironment, or the vascular system, as well as direct delivery to intracellular compartments, can be achieved by modifying the surface of nanoparticles with small molecules, antibodies, affitels, peptides, or aptamers.
The drug molecules carried by the nanoparticles are released into the extracellular matrix and spread throughout the tumor tissue. A target ligand is grafted onto the surface of the nanocarrier, which is firmly bound to the selective cell surface through ligand-receptor binding.
Drugs can be physically encapsulated or chemically linked through a linker to nanocarriers, and they can be administered to virtually any organ due to their small size and ease of penetration through many biological barriers. [Sources: 4, 6, 12]
Over the years, a wide range of nanocarriers has been evaluated for the targeted delivery of various anticancer drugs for lung cancer. A wide range of nanomaterials has been used for groundbreaking research in cancer treatments that have been validated in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. Various drug nanoparticles are used for their local and systemic effects in the treatment of lung diseases. [Sources: 0, 9, 12]
The introduction of therapeutic agents at the site of action in lung diseases may allow effective treatment of chronic lung infections, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and other respiratory diseases [91]. [Sources: 0]
Nanoformulation is a practical therapeutic approach to reduce potential drug side effects and improve drug delivery efficiency.[12] Encapsulation of natural products and their derivatives offers unique benefits, including reduced adverse systemic side effects, increased biosecurity, high drug solubility and bioavailability, and increased blood circulation. [13,14]
Different characteristics of target organs may indicate specific types of nanostructures that need to be developed to treat disease. Nanoparticles can be modified in several ways to prolong circulation, improve drug localization, increase drug efficacy, and potentially reduce the development of multidrug resistance through the use of nanotechnology.
There are several studies using FDA-approved nanodrugs such as Abraxane®, Doxil®, or Genexol-PM® as adjuvants in combinatorial cancer treatments. In addition, many drugs have been derived from herbal chemicals to develop commercial treatments for cardiovascular disease [52].
Advances in nanomedicine and drug delivery systems have increased the safety and efficacy of plant nanoforms. Medicines for cardiovascular diseases [53,54]. [Sources: 8, 11]
Respiratory disease treatment breakthroughs
The use of NPs is a new paradigm for the treatment of respiratory diseases. [168] NPs promote drug delivery directly to target tissues, thereby improving pulmonary deposition and possibly the therapeutic effects of anti-asthma drugs, mitigating negative side effects. [Sources: 3]
Encapsulating lung cancer drugs in nanoparticles can promote the delivery of complete drugs, avoid first-pass metabolism and reduce cytotoxicity to normal cells, which is attractive to patients.
Since most lung cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages, it is necessary to develop nanoparticles and delivery strategies to reach the central and peripheral tissues of the lungs and systemic circulation to facilitate the entry of drugs into local metastatic tumor nodes and distal areas. [Sources: 13]
Stage 4 lung cancer issues
Chemoradiation is the only available treatment option for patients with stage 4 lung cancer because it can deliver the drug systemically to metastases [9–11]. Therefore, methods to improve the delivery of tumor-targeted chemotherapeutic agents will result in increased drug efficacy, improved pharmacological properties, and minimal toxicity to normal tissues remain a priority in cancer treatment.
In recent decades, significant progress has been made in improving cancer treatment outcomes through the development of pharmaceutical compounds that can improve the effectiveness and safety of tumor targeting. Sources 1, 9, and 13 discuss nanotechnology drug carriers and their potential to provide local cancer treatments to target lung cancer with minimal side effects. [Sources: 1, 9, 13]
Nanomedicine drug delivery systems
Nanomedicines involve the use of drug delivery systems to encapsulate or conjugate drugs / therapeutic compounds. In addition, some therapeutic drugs can be physically loaded into hollow nanostructures of gold or silver (Liang et al., 2014) or chemically bonded to the surface of nanoparticles to achieve targeted drug delivery. [Sources: 3, 4]
Breakthroughs in nanoparticle biocompatibility
Advances in nanomedicine research have led to the creation of more effective ways to reduce toxicity, increase the half-life of a drug and reduce side effects by changing the properties of nanoparticles while maintaining the biocompatibility of the particles (Gupta and Gupta 2005).
Efficient and controlled delivery of drugs to target sites of action and improvement of their physicochemical characteristics are the main goals of natural-based nanoformulations. Thus, nanotechnology plays a significant role in advanced dosage and forms targeting, including their controlled drug release with tremendous success. [Sources: 2, 7, 11]
The future potential of nanotechnology in biomedicine
Nanotechnology has great potential in the medical field, including imaging and diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering structures, implants, and drug therapies, as well as advanced treatments for a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and musculoskeletal And mental illness.
Other potential nanotechnology treatments include neurodegenerative diseases, bacterial and viral infections, and diabetes.
Nanotechnology-based technology in drug development.
Nanomedicine is a branch of medicine. It uses nanotechnology science to cure and treat various diseases, using nanomaterials, such as biocompatible nanoparticles[35] and nanorobots[36]. Nanotechnology is also used in a variety of other applications, including diagnosis [37], delivery [38], and sensory applications [39, 40]. [Sources: 7, 8]
Breakthroughs in lung cancer treatment
Sources 1, 4, 10, and 12 summarize the current progress and challenges of nanoparticle drug delivery systems and highlight recent examples aimed at treating lung cancer. In the review cited by the sources, the researchers summarized recent reports on the development of lipid- and polymer-based nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs and nucleic acids for the treatment of lung cancer.
The treatment of fungal infections associated with anti-cancer therapy
Liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B is used to treat fungal infections that often accompany anti-cancer therapy, and liposomal doxorubicin is used to treat certain forms of cancer [23]. Nano-scale systems that can deliver drugs to treat complications that occur over time are anticipated to be developed for anti-cancer treatment to improve the quality of life of cancer patients [12]. [Sources: 1, 4, 10, 12]
Treatment of cardiovascular diseases
Nanoparticle Delivery System (NDDS) represents a new drug delivery method for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with the development of nanotechnology and has shown great advantages in drug delivery using nanoparticles.
The future of nanotechnology and its use in biomedicine appears to be one of hope and great promise. Let us look to the future with the hope that more breakthroughs in using nanotechnology in biomedicine will continue to come to the forefront in treating the diseases I have discussed in this article.
Thank you for taking the time to read about nanotechnology and its use in biomedicine!
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Sources
[0]: https://nanoscalereslett.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s11671-017-2249-8
[1]: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2013/863951/
[2]: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13204-018-0856-z
[3]: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-019-0068-3
[4]: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00489/full
[5]: https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13045-021-01096-0
[6]: https://www.cancer.gov/nano/cancer-nanotechnology/benefits
[7]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6145203/
[8]: https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/br.2021.1418
[9]: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1500439
[12]: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adtp.202000203