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Abstract

/a> as the most robust model (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06083">Madry et al.</a>). This fact highlights just how far away we are from robust recognition models – even for simple handwritten digits.In our <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.09190">recent paper</a>, we introduce a new concept to classify images robustly. The idea is very simple: if an image is classified as a seven, than it should contain roughly two lines – one shorter, one longer – that touch each other at one end. That’s a generative way to think about digits, which is pretty natural for humans and which allows us to easily spot the signal (the lines) even amidst large amounts of noise and perturbations. Having such a model should make it easy to classify the adversarial examples featured above into the correct class. Learning a generative model of digits (say zeros) is pretty straightforward (using a <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05908">Variational Autoencoder</a>) and, in a nutshell, works as follows: we start from a latent space of nuisance variables (which might capture things like thickness or tilt of the digit and are learnt from the data) and generate an image using a neural network. We then show examples of handwritten zeros and train the network to produce similar ones. At the end of training, the network has learnt about the natural variations of handwritten zeros:<figure id="9127"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*Y6O2le5_-9PLg_n4iWN_6w.png"><figcaption>A generative model of zeros learns the typical variations of handwritten digits (right side).</figcaption></figure>We learn such a generative model for each digit. Then, when a new input comes along, we check which digit model can best approximate the new input. This procedure is typically called analysis-by-synthesis, because we analyse the content of the image according to the model that can best synthesise it. Standard feedforward networks, on the other hand, have no feedback mechanisms to check whether the input image really resembles the inferred class:<figure id="e38b"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*qfe00YnTC58Up5hOmVuC8g.png"><figcaption>Feedforward networks directly go from image to class and have no way to check that the classification makes sense. Our analysis-by-synthesis model checks what image features are present and classifies according to which class makes most sense.</figcaption></figure>That’s really the key difference: feedforward networks have no way to check their predictions, you have to trust them. Our analysis-by-synthesis model, on the other hand, looks whether certain image features are really present in the input before jumping to a conclusion.We do not need a pe

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rfect generative model for this procedure to work. Our model of handwritten digits is certainly not perfect: look at the blurry edges. Nonetheless, our model can classify hand-written digits with high accuracy (99,0%) and its decisions make a lot of sense to humans. For example, the model will always signal low confidence on noise images, because they don’t look like any of the digits it has seen before. The images closest to noise that the analysis-by-synthesis model still classifies as digits with high confidence make a lot of sense to humans:<figure id="5507"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*fjhRFQkEFDMWuwwFv2tEaQ.png"><figcaption>We tried to synthesise unrecognisable images that are still classified as zeros with high confidence by our analysis-by-synthesis model. This is the best we got.</figcaption></figure>In the current state-of-the-art model by Madry et al. we found that minimal perturbations of clean digits are often sufficient to derail the classification of the model. Doing the same for our analysis-by-synthesis model yields strikingly different results:<figure id="f6b0"><img src="https://cdn-images-1.readmedium.com/v2/resize:fit:800/1*aedBhqczyEb_pd4y9ubzEg.png"><figcaption>Adversarial examples for the analysis-by-synthesis model. Can you guess what the original number was?</figcaption></figure>Note that the perturbations make a lot of sense to humans and it is sometimes difficult to decide into which class the image should be classified. That’s exactly what we expect to happen for a robust classification model.Our model has several other notable features. For example, the decisions of the analysis-by-synthesis model are much easier to interpret as one can directly see which features sway the model towards a particular decision. In addition, we can even derive some lower bounds of its robustness.The analysis-by-synthesis model does not quite match human perception yet and there is still a long way to go (see the full analysis in our <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.09190">manuscript</a>). Nonetheless, we believe these results are extremely encouraging and we hope that our work will pave the way towards a new class of classification models that are accurate, robust and interpretable. We still have to learn a lot about these new models, least of all how to make inference more efficient and how to scale them to more complex data sets (like CIFAR or ImageNet). We are working hard to answer these questions and are looking forward to sharing more results with you in the future.<h2 id="7aaa">Towards the first adversarially robust neural network model on MNIST</h2>Lukas Schott, Jonas Rauber, Matthias Bethge, Wieland Brendel arXiv:1805.09190</article></body>

5 Disturbing & Gross Facts About McDonald’s Will Make You Angry

Will you be ordering again after this shocking truth?

Who doesn’t know about the world-famous golden arches? It is often the go-to spot whenever we are craving a quick snack — McDonald’s.

McDonald’s is the most famous fast food joint globally, with over half a million hungry customers served each day. It often outclasses its competitors.

Despite McDonald’s brilliant and bright success, it has a dark side too, and sadly most of us don’t know much about it. Whether it be their business policies or meat, many things are not right with McDonald’s.

The company has been a significant contributor to obesity. Believe it or not, the first owner Ronald McDonald was fired for being fat, which is unfortunate because it is the menu that should have been changed.

Nothing on the menu can be considered healthy, and everything is loaded with saturated fats and sugar; salads are no exception either. McDonald’s Caesars salad has more calories than its burgers or fries.

If you haven’t had enough, you can indeed read on. Below listed are some of the most disturbing facts about McDonald’s.

1. More Of A Chemical Shake

Anyone who has been to McDonald’s surely knows about its fantastic tasting shakes, and most of us are even addicted to this sugary delight.

But, what we are not aware of is what goes into these shakes, especially in that lovely pink coloured strawberry shake.

To keep it simple, it has more chemicals in it than strawberries and let us just not talk about those calories or that massive amount of sugar that it contains.

McDonald’s strawberry shake has over 50 chemicals in it — I don’t want to start a chemistry class by naming all of them, but anything with that many chemicals can’t be good for any living being.

2. Nuggets Or Just Throw Away Parts Of Chicken

Who doesn’t know about McDonald’s famous McNuggets, an item which is particularly popular among the young ones?

Nuggets served in McDonald’s are not made entirely out of chicken, and like many other items on their menu, this has many ingredients that we won’t eat if they were on their own.

To start things off, half of the mix of McNuggets is fat. Yeah, you heard it right, just plain old grease.

To add another layer of grossness, they add nerves, cartilage, and blood vessels with a bit of bone and a lot of chemicals.

All this is processed into that infamous pink slime and later served to the customers in the most delicious way possible. Yumm.

Next time you order these mouth-watering beauties for yourself or your little ones, please don’t forget it is not as flavorful on the inside.

3. Nothing Is Healthy, Not Even The Salads

If you are very concerned about your health and want to have a quick snack, but the only option you have is McDonald’s, well, then good luck finding anything healthy.

Salads seem very healthy even when you see them on McDonald’s menu, but the problem here is that salads served by McDonald’s are not fit at all.

A simple Caesar’s salad has more calories than a cheeseburger, and we all know people who eat at McDonald’s are not much concerned about what they are eating.

This can be felt in the sales too, and salads only make two or max 3 percent of sales at McDonald’s.

It is not only salad marketed as healthy by McDonald’s management, but their fruits-related items come under the same so-called healthy banner.

For instance, their fruit and maple oatmeal have more sugar than a bag of M&M’s, and their fruit smoothie has way more sugar than what we find in regular coke.

4. Ribs That Are Everything Else Except Ribs

We all know when the McRibs were introduced. They had all the charisma that we expected, and often, our trips to McDonald’s were because of McRibs.

It was cheap and filling, tasting good too. But this notion flips when we learn about the things that go into McRibs.

First thing first, McRibs are not ribs. With that out of the way, let’s move on to stuff that makes up the McRibs.

The list starts with scalded stomach, heart, highly processed meat or restructured meat, salt, water, and a massive amount of chemicals.

All these items are processed for a long time. When it has desired texture and consistency, the processed meat is given its final (fake) look like a slab of meat known as McRibs.

5. Staggering Wealth Gap Between The Workers And The CEO

If you work at McDonald’s and want to earn as much as the CEO, you will only need to work for 70 years, day and night. Now, of course workers cannot be equally rewarded as any CEO, but at least can get fairly paid.

The wealth gap between an average worker and executive has only widened in recent years, and where McDonald’s average employee makes 8 US dollars per hour, the CEO makes more than 9000 US Dollars in that same time. Employees are simply underpaid.

So if your ambitions are big and you want to chase your dreams, leave McDonald’s as Jeff Bezos did.

Final words

We can’t do anything— even after learning all about McDonald. I’m sure eighty percent of the readers would be placing their next order after reading about the company’s dark side! Bon Appétit.

5 Disturbing & Gross Facts About McDonald’s Will Make You Angry

Will you be ordering again after this shocking truth?

1. More Of A Chemical Shake

2. Nuggets Or Just Throw Away Parts Of Chicken

3. Nothing Is Healthy, Not Even The Salads

4. Ribs That Are Everything Else Except Ribs

5. Staggering Wealth Gap Between The Workers And The CEO

Final words

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